Long-Term Effects of Testosterone Therapy: What the Latest Research Shows

For years, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been surrounded by controversy and conflicting information about its long-term safety. Men seeking relief from symptoms of low testosterone have had to weigh uncertain risks against potential benefits, often with incomplete information.

However, the landscape of testosterone therapy has changed dramatically with the publication of landmark research that provides the most definitive answers yet about the long-term effects of TRT. This comprehensive guide examines what the latest science reveals about testosterone therapy’s impact on cardiovascular health, prostate safety, metabolic function, and more.

The TRAVERSE Trial: A Game-Changer in Testosterone Research

The most significant recent development in our understanding of long-term testosterone therapy comes from the Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Assessment of Cardiovascular Events in Men with Hypogonadism (TRAVERSE) trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Study Design and Scope

The TRAVERSE trial stands as the largest and most rigorous study of testosterone therapy to date:

Participants: 5,246 men aged 45 to 80 with symptoms of hypogonadism
Health status: Men with pre-existing cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk
Treatment: Daily transdermal 1.62% testosterone gel vs. placebo
Duration: Mean follow-up of 27.1 months
Primary endpoint: Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke

This robust study design addresses many limitations of previous research, providing a clearer picture of testosterone’s long-term effects.

Cardiovascular Safety: Addressing the Biggest Concern

Perhaps the most significant finding from TRAVERSE concerns cardiovascular safety—previously the area of greatest concern for long-term testosterone use.

What the Research Shows

The TRAVERSE trial found:

No increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in testosterone users compared to placebo
A small, non-significant reduction in overall mortality with 16 fewer deaths in the testosterone group
Improved lipid profiles in men receiving testosterone therapy
An unexpected increase in atrial fibrillation cases (91 in testosterone group vs. 63 in placebo)
No significant difference in heart failure or venous thromboembolism between groups

According to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, these findings should reassure physicians about prescribing testosterone for appropriate patients, though monitoring remains important.

Context and Previous Concerns

These results are particularly significant because:

In 2015, the FDA mandated a warning on testosterone products about potential cardiovascular risks
Several older observational studies had suggested increased cardiovascular events with TRT
The European Medicines Agency had also expressed concerns about cardiovascular safety

The TRAVERSE findings effectively address these regulatory concerns with high-quality evidence, representing a major shift in our understanding of testosterone safety.

Prostate Health: Clearing Up Long-Standing Fears

Concerns about testosterone therapy potentially increasing prostate cancer risk or worsening urinary symptoms have persisted for decades. The TRAVERSE trial provides important insights here as well.

Prostate Cancer Risk

The data shows:

No significant difference in prostate cancer incidence between testosterone and placebo groups
Only 5 high-grade prostate cancers in the testosterone group compared to 3 in the placebo group
No evidence that testosterone therapy “awakens” dormant prostate cancers

Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)

Another important finding:

Testosterone therapy did not worsen lower urinary tract symptoms
No significant differences in urinary function between groups
This contradicts older beliefs that testosterone might exacerbate BPH symptoms

These findings align with more recent understanding that physiological testosterone levels do not promote prostate cancer and may actually be beneficial for overall prostate health in hypogonadal men.

Metabolic Benefits: Beyond Sexual Function

While sexual benefits are often the primary motivation for starting TRT, the TRAVERSE trial revealed significant metabolic advantages that may be even more important for long-term health.

Diabetes Prevention

One of the most striking findings was:

A 22.5% reduction in new onset diabetes progression in men treated with testosterone
This represents a substantial preventive effect for a major chronic disease
The benefit was consistent across subgroups

Body Composition Effects

Though not a primary endpoint, the trial confirmed previous research showing:

Increased lean muscle mass in testosterone users
Reduced body fat, particularly visceral fat
Improved insulin sensitivity

These metabolic improvements suggest testosterone therapy may have applications beyond just symptom relief, potentially serving as part of a comprehensive approach to metabolic health in hypogonadal men.

Bone Health: Unexpected Findings

Contrary to expectations, the TRAVERSE trial revealed some surprising results regarding bone health:

Fracture Risk

A paradoxical increase in fracture incidence among testosterone-treated men (3.5%) compared to placebo (2.4%)
This finding contradicts previous smaller studies suggesting testosterone improves bone density
The trial did not include bone mineral density measurements, limiting interpretation

Possible Explanations

Researchers have proposed several hypotheses for this unexpected finding:

Increased physical activity in testosterone users leading to more exposure to fracture risk
Potential reporting bias
Random statistical variation

This area clearly requires further research, as the mechanistic relationship between testosterone and bone health is well-established, making the increased fracture rate difficult to explain.

Sexual Function and Quality of Life

The TRAVERSE trial confirmed many of the well-known benefits of testosterone therapy:

Sexual Function Improvements

Significant increases in sexual desire and frequency
Interestingly, no significant improvement in erectile function compared to placebo
This suggests that while testosterone improves libido, erectile dysfunction may require additional treatments

Mood and Depression

Depression was found in approximately 50% of men with hypogonadism
Modest improvements in depression symptoms were noted with testosterone therapy
These improvements were statistically significant but smaller than those seen in some previous studies

Hematological Effects and Monitoring

The TRAVERSE trial also provided insights into blood-related effects of testosterone therapy:

Red Blood Cell Production

Testosterone therapy corrected anemia in 41% of treated men compared to 27.5% in the placebo group
Increased hematocrit levels were observed, as expected
Despite concerns about excessive red blood cell production, no increase in thrombotic events was observed

Monitoring Recommendations

Based on these findings, current monitoring recommendations include:

Hematocrit assessment before treatment and periodically thereafter
Consideration of dose reduction or therapeutic phlebotomy if hematocrit exceeds 54%
Regular blood pressure monitoring, particularly given the atrial fibrillation finding

Who Should Consider Testosterone Therapy?

The TRAVERSE trial helps clarify which men are most likely to benefit from testosterone therapy with acceptable risk:

Appropriate Candidates

Men with consistently low testosterone levels (typically below 300 ng/dL)
Presence of symptoms associated with low testosterone (fatigue, reduced libido, etc.)
Absence of contraindications
Willingness to undergo regular monitoring

Caution Advised For

Men over 80 (not studied in TRAVERSE)
Men under 45 (not studied in TRAVERSE)
Those with uncontrolled heart failure
Men with untreated severe sleep apnea
Those seeking performance enhancement without hypogonadism

According to Harvard Health, men and their doctors should still carefully consider individual risk factors before committing to long-term testosterone therapy.

Practical Considerations for Long-Term TRT

For men considering or currently using testosterone therapy, several practical considerations emerge from the latest research:

Monitoring Protocol

A comprehensive monitoring approach should include:

Testosterone levels (aiming for mid-normal range)
Complete blood count with hematocrit
Metabolic panel
Lipid profile
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in men over 40
Blood pressure checks
Symptom assessment

Duration of Therapy

The TRAVERSE trial followed men for just over two years, but many men use testosterone for much longer periods. Current understanding suggests:

Benefits continue with ongoing therapy
Risks do not appear to increase substantially over time
Discontinuation leads to return of hypogonadal symptoms in most men
Lifelong therapy may be appropriate for true hypogonadism

Delivery Methods and Considerations

While the TRAVERSE trial used transdermal gel, other delivery methods include:

Injections (cypionate, enanthate)
Pellet implants
Nasal gel
Oral testosterone undecanoate

Each has different pharmacokinetics that may influence both benefits and side effects, though comparative long-term data between methods remains limited.

Limitations of Current Research

Despite the strength of the TRAVERSE trial, several important limitations remain:

Population Studied

Limited to men aged 45-80
Focused on those with cardiovascular risk factors
May not generalize to younger men or those without cardiovascular risk

Duration

Mean follow-up of 27.1 months
Effects beyond this timeframe remain somewhat uncertain
Some outcomes may take longer to develop

Specific Populations

Limited data on men of different ethnicities
Unclear applicability to men with specific conditions like HIV, chronic opioid use, or Klinefelter syndrome

The Future of Testosterone Research

Several important questions remain for future research:

Ongoing Areas of Investigation

Longer-term follow-up beyond 3-5 years
Effects in younger men (under 45)
Clarification of the unexpected fracture risk finding
Mechanisms behind atrial fibrillation increase
Comparative effectiveness of different testosterone formulations
Role of testosterone in specific conditions (diabetes prevention, cognitive function)

The Bottom Line: Balancing Benefits and Risks

The latest research, particularly the TRAVERSE trial, provides the most comprehensive picture to date of testosterone therapy’s long-term effects:

Key Takeaways

Cardiovascular safety is better than previously thought, with no increase in major adverse cardiac events
Prostate concerns appear largely unfounded, with no significant increase in cancer risk or urinary symptoms
Metabolic benefits are substantial, including reduced diabetes risk
Sexual function improvements are consistent, particularly for libido
Unexpected findings like increased atrial fibrillation and fracture risk warrant further investigation
Regular monitoring remains important for safe long-term use

For men with true hypogonadism and symptoms affecting quality of life, the evidence increasingly suggests that properly monitored testosterone therapy offers benefits that outweigh the risks for most patients.

As with any medical treatment, individualized decision-making with a knowledgeable healthcare provider remains essential. The good news is that these decisions can now be made with much better information than was available just a few years ago.

Have you had experience with long-term testosterone therapy? Share your thoughts in the comments below.